Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: добре обоснован страх от преследване
- CZ: podložená obava z pronásledování
- DE: begründete Furcht vor Verfolgung
- EE: põhjendatud tagakiusamise kartus
- EN: well-founded fear of persecution
- ES: temor justificado de persecución
- FI: perusteltu vainon pelko
- FR: crainte fondée de persécution
- GA: faitíos roimh ghéarleanúint a bhfuil bunús / údar maith leis
- HU: üldöztetéstől való megalapozott félelem
- IT: giustificato timore di persecuzione
- LT: visiškai pagrįsta baimė būti persekiojamam
- LV: pamatotas bailes no vajāšanas
- MT: Biża’ ġustifikata ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: gegronde vrees voor vervolging
- NO: velbegrunnet frykt for forfølgelse (b) / velgrunna frykt for forfølging (n)
- PL: uzasadniona obawa przed prześladowaniem
- RO: teamă de persecuţie bine fondată
- SE: välgrundad fruktan för förföljelse
- SK: opodstatnená obava z prenasledovania
- SL: utemeljen strah pred preganjanjem
The fear of persecution experienced by an applicant for international protection that is considered both genuine and objectively justifiable (e.g. because the person concerned has already been subject to persecution or serious harm, or to direct threats of such persecution or such harm, and there is no good reason to consider that such persecution or serious harm will not be repeated).
2. The subjective element is satisfied if the applicant‘s fear of persecution is genuine. In the context of refugee status determination, fear has been defined as an apprehension or awareness of danger. General dissent or disagreement with a government or the desire for more personal freedom or an improved economic situation without anything more does not satify this element (see UNHCR guidelines on international protection on the UNHCR website).
3. The objective element is satisfied when the applicant has established that there is a reasonable possibility that they will actually suffer the feared persecution.
- BG: тежест на доказване
- CZ: důkazní břemeno
- DE: Beweislast
- EE: tõendamiskoormis
- EN: burden of proof
- ES: carga de la prueba
- FI: todistustaakka
- FR: charge de la preuve
- GA: dualgas cruthúnais
- GR: υποχρέωση της απόδειξης της βασιμότητας του ισχυρισμού
- HU: bizonyítási teher
- IT: onere della prova
- LT: prievolė įrodyti
- LV: pierādīšanas pienākums
- MT: Piż (Il-) tal-prova / Obbligu (L-) li jinġiebu l-provi
- NL: bewijslast
- NO: bevisbyrde
- PL: ciężar dowodu
- PT: ónus da prova
- RO: sarcina dovezii
- SE: bevisbörda
- SK: dôkazné bremeno
- SL: dokazno breme
In the migration context, the duty of a non-national seeking entry into a foreign State to prove that they are entitled to enter and not inadmissible under the laws of that State.
In the context of refugee status determination procedures, the duty of the applicant to establish their case, to produce evidence that they have a well-founded fear of persecution.
2. For further information see UNHCR: Note on Burden and Standard of Proof in Refugee Claims, 16 December 1998.
- BG: основания за преследване, посочени в Конвенцията за статута на бежанците
- CZ: důvody pro udělení azylu dle Ženevské úmluvy
- DE: Verfolgungsgründe (nach) der Genfer Konvention, Konventionsgründe
- EE: Genfi konventsioonis sätestatud tagakiusamise alused
- EN: Convention grounds for persecution
- ES: motivos de persecución Convenio de Ginebra de 1951 y Protocolo de 1967
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukaiset vainon perusteet
- FR: motifs de persécution au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: forais ghéarleanúna de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: λόγους δίωξης
- IT: cause di persecuzione ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: persekiojimo pagrindai pagal Konvenciją
- LV: Ženēvas konvencijas noteiktie vajāšanas pamati
- MT: Motivi għall-persekuzzjoni skont il-Konvenzjoni
- NL: gronden voor vervolging in de zin van het Vluchtelingenverdrag
- NO: konvensjonsgrunnene for forfølgelse (b) / konvensjonsgrunnane for forfølging (n)
- RO: motive de persecutie stabilite de Conventia de la Geneva din 1951
- SE: konventionsgrunder för förföljelse
- SK: dôvody prenasledovania podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski razlogi za preganjanje / razlogi za preganjanje po Ženevski konvenciji iz 1951
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
- BG: бежанец на място / бежанец sur place
- CZ: uprchlík na místě; uprchlík „sur place“
- DE: Flüchtling sur place
- EE: sur place pagulane
- EN: refugee sur place
- ES: refugiado sobrevenido
- FI: sur place -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié sur place
- GA: dídeanaí sur place
- GR: επί τόπου
- HU: sur place menekült
- IT: rifugiato sur place
- LT: pabėgėlis sur place
- LV: bēglis sur place
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) sur place
- NL: vluchteling „sur place” (NL syn. réfugié sur place)
- NO: sur place-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca sur place / uchodźca na miejscu
- PT: refugiados sur place
- RO: refugiat sur place
- SE: flykting ”sur place”
- SK: utečenec sur place / utečenec „na mieste“
- SL: begunec sur place
In the EU context, a person granted refugee status based on international protection needs which arose sur place, i.e. on account of events which took place after they left their country of origin.
Refugees sur place may owe their fear of persecution to a coup d’état in their home country, or to the introduction or intensification of repressive or persecutory policies after their departure. A claim in this category may also be based on bona fide political activities, undertaken in the country of residence or refuge.
- BG: бежанец
- CZ: uprchlík
- DE: Flüchtling
- EE: pagulane
- EN: refugee
- ES: refugiado
- FI: pakolainen
- FR: réfugié
- GA: dídeanaí
- GR: πρόσφυγας
- HU: menekült
- IT: rifugiato
- LT: pabėgėlis
- LV: bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a)
- NL: vluchteling
- NO: flyktning
- PL: uchodźca
- PT: refugiado
- RO: refugiat
- SE: flykting
- SK: utečenec (international law, EU acquis) / azylant (national law)
- SL: begunec
In the EU context, either a third-country national who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, is outside the country of nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or a stateless person, who, being outside of the country of former habitual residence for the same reasons as mentioned above, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it, and to whom Art. 12 (Exclusion) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) does not apply.